To study the nervous system, a number of methods have evolved over time these methods include examining brain lesions, microscopy, electrophysiology, electroencephalography, and many scanning technologies. The central nervous system is divided into forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain, and each division performs a variety of tasks for example, the cerebral cortex in the forebrain houses sensory, motor, and associative areas that gather sensory information, process information for perception and memory, and produce responses based on incoming and inherent information. The peripheral nervous system controls volitional (somatic nervous system) and nonvolitional (autonomic nervous system) behaviors using cranial and spinal nerves. The nervous system is divided into central and peripheral nervous systems, and the two heavily interact with one another. In addition, studying the development of the nervous system in a growing human provides a wealth of information about the change in its form and behaviors that result from this change. Comparative study of physiological functioning in the nervous systems of different animals lend insights to their behavior and their mental processing and make it easier for us to understand the human brain and behavior. ![]() The original design of this system is preserved across many animals through evolution thus, adaptive physiological and behavioral functions are similar across many animal species. The mammalian nervous system is a complex biological organ, which enables many animals including humans to function in a coordinated fashion. Please find our version of the Three-Step Method, created in collaboration with Queen’s Student Academic Success Services, at the following link: We encourage students to use the “Three-Step Method” for support in their learning. Information on the NOBA project can be found below. This Open Access chapter was originally written for the NOBA project. Long-term stress-induced secretion of these substances is associated with a variety of physiological consequences, including hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels), which can lead to type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hypertension (high blood pressure), which can lead to cardiovascular disease.19 The Nervous System Original chapter by Aneeq Ahmad adapted by the Queen’s University Psychology Department In humans, chronic stress results in long-term stimulation of the fight-or-flight response, which leads to constant production and secretion of catecholamines (e.g., epinephrine) and hormones such as cortisol. The actions of the sympathetic nervous system occur in concert with other neural or hormonal responses to stress, including increases in corticotropin and cortisol secretion. The overall effect is to prepare the individual for imminent danger. This response is characterized by the release of large quantities of epinephrine from the adrenal gland, an increase in heart rate, an increase in cardiac output, skeletal muscle vasodilation, cutaneous and gastrointestinal vasoconstriction, pupillary dilation, bronchial dilation, and piloerection. Under conditions of stress, the entire sympathetic nervous system is activated, producing an immediate widespread response called the fight-or-flight response. Sympathetic nervous system, division of the nervous system that functions to produce localized adjustments (such as sweating as a response to an increase in temperature) and reflex adjustments of the cardiovascular system. ![]() SpaceNext50 Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space!.Learn about the major environmental problems facing our planet and what can be done about them! ![]() Saving Earth Britannica Presents Earth’s To-Do List for the 21st Century.Britannica Beyond We’ve created a new place where questions are at the center of learning.100 Women Britannica celebrates the centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment, highlighting suffragists and history-making politicians.COVID-19 Portal While this global health crisis continues to evolve, it can be useful to look to past pandemics to better understand how to respond today.Student Portal Britannica is the ultimate student resource for key school subjects like history, government, literature, and more. ![]() From tech to household and wellness products.
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